• Harta Orasului Timisoara Strazi
• Harta Judetului Tim Is
• Harta Orasului Timisoara Prin Satelit

Timișoara (UK: /ˌtɪmiˈʃwɑːrə/, US: /ˌtiːm-/,^[5][6]Romanian: (listen); German: Temeswar[ˈtɛmɛʃvaːɐ̯], also formerly Temeschburg or Temeschwar; Hungarian: Temesvár[ˈtɛmɛʃvaːr](listen); Yiddish: טעמשוואר‎, romanized: Temshvar; Serbian: Темишвар, romanized: Temišvar; Banat Bulgarian: Timišvár; Turkish: Temeşvar; Slovak: Temešvár) is the capital city of Timiș County, the 3rd largest city in Romania and the main social, economic and cultural centre in western Romania.

Portalul oficial al municipiului Timisoara ce contine informatii despre activitatile institutiilor oficiale si in formatii utile din localitate. Timisoara - Romania Map, Map of Timisoara (Harta orasului Timisoara). Tourist and Travel Information. Romania Tourism is a non-profit, independent initiative aiming to. Harta Timisoara in format digital, Timis, Romania. Aici gasiti harta orasului Timisoara cu cele mai noi denumiri de strazi. Timisoara map in a digital format.

The third most populous city in the country, with 319,279 inhabitants as of the 2011 census,^[3] Timișoara is the informal capital city of the historical region of Banat. In September 2016, Timișoara was selected as the European Capital of Culture for 2021.^[7]

• 2History
• 3Geography
• 4Demographics
• 6Transport
• 10Culture and contemporary life
• 13Sport
• 14International relations

Etymology[edit]

All names of the city are derived from its Hungarian name Temesvár meaning 'Castle on Temes river'.

History[edit]

Antiquity[edit]

The first identifiable civilization in this area were the Dacians who left traces of their past. From coin finds, it is known that the settlement was inhabited during Roman Dacia. There is no record of the settlement in Roman times. It is generally agreed^{[by whom?]} that the site was inhabited through the Middle Ages when the city was mentioned for the first time.

Middle Ages[edit]

The territory later known as Banat was conquered by the Hungarians during the Hungarian conquest of the Carpathian Basin (895-896). Timișoara was first officially mentioned as a place in either 1212 or 1266 as the Roman^[8] fort of Castrum Temesiensis or Castrum regium Themes.^[9]The town was destroyed by the Tatars in the 13th century but Timișoara was rebuilt and grew considerably during the reign of Charles I, who, upon his visit there in 1307, ordered the fortress to be fortified with stone walls and to build a royal palace.^[10][11] He even moved the royal seat from Buda to Temesvár (Timișoara) between 1315 and 1323.^[12] Timișoara's importance also grew due to its strategic location, which facilitated control over the Banat plain. By the middle of the 14th century, Timișoara was at the forefront of Western Christendom's battle against the MuslimOttoman Turks. French and Hungarian Crusaders met at the city before engaging in the Battle of Nicopolis in 1396. Beginning in 1443, John Hunyadi used Timișoara as a military stronghold against the Turks, having built a powerful fortress. The city was repeatedly besieged by the Ottomans in 1462, 1476, 1491, and 1522.

16th–19th centuries[edit]

In 1552, a 16,000-strong Ottoman army led by Kara Ahmed Pashaconquered the city and transformed it into a capital city in the region (Temeşvar Eyalet). The local military commander, István Losonczy, and other Christians were massacred on 27 July 1552 while escaping the city through the Azapilor Gate.^[13]

Timișoara remained under Ottoman rule for nearly 160 years, controlled directly by the Sultan and enjoying a special status, similar to other cities in the region such as Budapest and Belgrade. During this period, Timișoara was home to a large Islamic community and produced famous historical figures such as Osman Aga of Temesvar, until Prince Eugene of Savoy conquered it in 1716 during the Ottoman-Habsburg war. Subsequently, the city came under Habsburg rule, and it remained so until the early 20th century as part of the Kingdom of Hungary, Austrian Empire and Austria-Hungary, except for the Ottoman occupation between 1788–1789 during the 1787–91 Austro-Turkish War.^[14] The city was defortified starting in 1892 up until 1910,^[15] and several major road arteries were built to connect the suburbs with the city centre, paving the way for further expansion of the city.^{[citation needed]}

It was the 1st mainland European city and 2nd in the world after New York to be lit by electric street lamps in 1884.^[16][17] It was also the second European and the first city in the Kingdom of Hungary with horse-drawn trams in 1869.^[18] It is said that Gustave Eiffel, the creator of the Eiffel Tower in Paris, drew the projects of one of Timișoara's footbridges over the Bega, the 'Metal Bridge', however, it was actually planned by Róbert Tóth, the head of the Bridge Department, at the Reșița rail factory.^[19]

20th century[edit]

On 31 October 1918, local military and political elites established the 'Banat National Council', together with representatives of the region's main ethnic groups: Germans, Hungarians, Serbs and Romanians. On 1 November they proclaimed the short-lived Banat Republic. In the aftermath of World War I, the Banat region was divided between the Kingdom of Romania and the Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes, and Timișoara came under Romanian administration after Serbian occupation between 1918–1919. The city was ceded from Hungary to Romania by the Treaty of Trianon on 4 June 1920. In 1920, King Ferdinand I awarded Timișoara the status of a University Centre, and the interwar years saw continuous economic and cultural development. A number of anti-fascist and anti-revisionist demonstrations also took place during this time.

During World War II, Timișoara suffered damage from both Allied and Axis bombing raids, especially during the second half of 1944. On 23 August 1944, Romania, which until then was a member of the Axis, declared war on Nazi Germany and joined the Allies. Surprised, the local Wehrmacht garrison surrendered without a fight,^{[citation needed]} and German and Hungarian troops attempted to take the city by force throughout September, without success.

After the war, the People's Republic of Romania was proclaimed, and Timișoara underwent Sovietization and later, Systematization. The city's population tripled between 1948 and 1992. In December 1989, Timișoara witnessed a series of mass street protests in what was to become the Romanian Revolution.^{[citation needed]} On 20 December, three days after bloodshed began there, Timișoara was declared the first city free of Communism in Romania.^[20]

21st century[edit]

Geography[edit]

Timișoara lies at an altitude of 90 metres (300 feet) on the southeast edge of the Banat plain, part of the Pannonian Plain near the divergence of the Timiș and Bega rivers. The waters of the two rivers form a swampy and frequently flooded land. Timișoara developed on one of few places where the swamps could be crossed. These constituted a natural protection around the fortress for a very long time, however, they also favoured a wet and insalubrious climate, as well as the proliferation of the plague and cholera, which kept the number of inhabitants at a relatively low number and significantly prevented the development of the city. With time, however, the rivers of the area were drained, dammed and diverted. Due to these hydrographical projects undertaken in the 18th century, the city no longer lies on the river Timiș, but on the Bega canal. This improvement of the land was made irreversible by building the Bega canal (started in 1728) and by the complete draining of the surrounding marshes. However, the land across the city lies above a water table at a depth of only 0.5 to 5 metres (1.6–16.4 feet), a factor which does not allow the construction of tall buildings. The rich black soil and relatively high water table make this a fertile agricultural region.

This is a relatively active seismic area, and earthquakes up to 6 on the Richter scale have been recorded.

Climate[edit]

Climate in this area has mild differences between highs and lows, and there is adequate rainfall year-round. The Köppen Climate Classification subtype for this climate is 'Cfb' (oceanic climate).^[21]

The climate which defines Timișoara city is the temperate oceanic climate (Köppen: Cfb) and can be regarded as humid continental (Dfb) when using an isotherm of 0 °C (32 °F). The city characterises the South-Eastern part of The Pannonian Basin.

• Highest recorded temperature: 42 °C (108 °F) – 5 August 2017
• Lowest recorded temperature: −35.3 °C (−32 °F) – 24 January 1963
• Snow stays on the ground 30 days a year on average
• Highest precipitation: June: 91.0 mm(3.589 in)
• Lowest precipitation: February: 44.5 mm(1.737 in)

Climatic general features consist of various and irregular weather conditions. The dominating temperate air masses during spring and summer are of oceanic origin and come with great precipitations. Frequently, even during winter period, the Atlantic humid air masses bring rainy and snowy weather, rarely cold weather.

From September until February, frequent continental polar air masses coming from the East invade the area. In spite of all that, the Banat climate is also influenced by the presence of cyclones and warm air masses which come from the Mediterranean. Their characteristic feature is that of complete snow thaw during the winter period and stifling heat during the summer period.

Freak measurable snowfalls have occurred as early as late October and as late as early April, but snow in those months is rare, and significant falls do not usually occur until first of November. The median date for the first freeze is 22 October, while that of the last freeze is 15 April.^{[citation needed]}

Demographics[edit]

As of 2011 census data, Timișoara has a population of 319,279,^[3] while the proposed Timișoara metropolitan area would have a population of 418,415. As defined by Eurostat, the Timișoara functional urban area has a population of 359,443 residents (as of 2015).^[2]

Of this population, 86.79% were ethnic Romanians, while 5.12% were Hungarians, 1.37% Germans, 1.3% Serbs, 0.69% Romani, 0.18% Ukrainians, 0.17% Slovaks, 0.11% Jews and 0.76% others.^[25] 14.2% of the population are under 15 years of age, 4.0% are over 75.

Since 1990, Timișoara saw a slight population decline owing to migration and a drop in birthrates. Notably, the Hungarian and German communities experienced significant decline, with the latter being reduced by half between 1992 and 2002.^[26] On the other hand, the Ukrainian community has grown, partly due to the presence of Ukrainian language educational facilities. In recent years, local investment by Italian companies has spurred the creation of an Italian community,^[27] even leading to calls for an Italian Cultural Center.^[28]

Historical populations[edit]

In 1910, according to the Austro-Hungarian census (based on the first language in daily use), Timișoara had 72,555 inhabitants. Of these, 31,644 (43.6%) used German language, 28,552 (39.4%) used Hungarian language, 7,566 (10.4%) used Romanian language, 3,482 (4.8%) used Serbian language, and 1,311 (1.8%) used other languages as everyday language.^[29]

Economy[edit]

The economy of Timișoara has historic tradition in manufacturing, commerce, transport, education, communications and tourism.

Timișoara has been an important economic centre since the 18th century when the Habsburg administration was installed. Due to Austrian colonisation, ethnic and religious diversity and innovative laws, the economy began to develop. The technicians and craftsmen that settled in the city established guilds and helped develop the city's economy. In 1717, Timișoara became host to the first beer factory in Banat.^[30]

During the Industrial Revolution, numerous modern innovations were introduced. It was the first city in Austria-Hungary with street lighting, and the first city in mainland Europe illuminated by electric light. The Bega river was also channelled during this time. It was the first navigable canal on current Romanian territory. This way, Timișoara had contact with Europe, and even with the rest of the world through the Black Sea, leading to the local development of commercialism.^[31][32][33] In the 19th century, the railway system of the Hungarian Kingdom reached Timișoara.

Timișoara was the first city in the country with international routes economic boom as the amount of foreign investment, especially in high-tech sectors, has risen. In an article in late 2005, French magazine L'Expansion called Timișoara Romania's economic showcase, and referred to the increased number of foreign investments as a 'second revolution'. In 2016, Timișoara was awarded by Forbes as the most dynamic city and the best city for business in Romania.^[34]

Apart from domestic local investment, there has been significant foreign investment from the European Union, particularly from Germany and Italy. Continental AG has produced tires since opening a plant in 1998.^[35] In the years that followed, Continental also established an automotive software engineering division in Timișoara. All in all, as of 2015Continental AG employed about 8000 people in Timișoara, and the company keeps expanding.^[36] The Linde Group produces technical gases, and a part of the wiring moulds for BMW and Audi vehicles are produced by the company Dräxlmaier Group. Wiring for Volkswagen and other vehicles are produced at the German company Kromberg & Schubert. Also, Swiss company FM Logistic, already present in Timiș County for Alcatel-Lucent, Nestlé, P&G, Smithfield and in Bucharest for Cora, L'Oréal, Sanofi Aventis and Yves Rocher, and for companies like PROFI Rom Foods, BIC, Kraft Foods or SCA Packaging—offering them domestic transport services and international transport services for Bricostore, Arctic, Danone, Unilever or Contitech, the growth of FM Logistic in Romania and in Dudești through its first warehouse in Romania (Dudeștii Noi gives FM the opportunity). Nestlé produces waffles here.^{[citation needed]}

The city has two shopping malls: Iulius Mall Timișoara^[37] and Shopping City Timișoara.^[38] A third one will be completed in 2018, Timișoara Centrum.^[39] A fourth is planned to be built, Timișoara Plaza.^[40]

The USA company Flextronics maintains a workplace in the west of the city for the production of mobile telephony and government inspection department devices. In 2009, the company laid off 640 workers.^[41] The American company Procter & Gamble manufactures washing and cleaning agents in Timișoara. Smithfield Foods—the world's largest pork processor and hog producer—has two subsidiaries in Timișoara and Timiș County: Smithfield Ferme and Smithfield Prod.

Transport[edit]

Timișoara has a complex system of regional transportation, providing road, air and rail connections to major cities in Romania and Europe.

Mass transit[edit]

Timișoara's public transport network consists of 9 tram lines, 9 trolleybus lines and 21 bus lines and it is operated by STPT (Societatea de Transport Public Timișoara), a company owned by the City Hall. The system covers all the important areas of the city and it also connects Timișoara with some of the communes of the metropolitan area.

In 2015, Timișoara became the first city in Romania to offer public transport by bike. The bicycle-sharing system has 25 stations and 300 bikes which can be used by locals and tourists for free.^[42] Starting from October 4, 2018, STPT also offers vaporetto public transport on the Bega canal, resulting in Timișoara being the only city in Romania with 5 types of public transportation.^[43][44]

Road[edit]

Timișoara is on two European routes (E70 and E671) in the European road network. At a national level, Timișoara is located on four different national roads: DN6, DN69, DN59 and DN59A. The Romanian Motorway A1, under construction on some sections, will link the city with Bucharest and the eastern part of the country. The A1 is currently the only Romanian motorway that crosses a border, linking Timișoara with Hungarian motorway M43. The Timișoara Coach Station (Autogara) is used by several private transport companies to provide coach connections from Timișoara to a large number of locations from all over the country.^[45]

Air[edit]

The city is served by Romania's third busiest airport, Traian Vuia International Airport, located 12.3 km (7.6 mi) northeast away from the city centre. It used to be the hub of Romanian airline Carpatair, and it serves now as an operating base for low-cost airlineWizz Air.

Railway[edit]

Timișoara is a major railway centre and is connected to all other major Romanian cities, as well as local destinations, through the national CFR network. Timișoara is directly linked by train service with Budapest, Belgrade and Vienna. The main railway station of the city is Timișoara North railway station. More than 130 trains use this station daily. The other three railway stations of the city are mainly used by commuter trains.

Cityscape[edit]

Currently, the tallest building is the Timișoara Orthodox Cathedral, at 91 metres (299 feet) and the tallest office building is the Fructus Tower, at 65 metres (213 feet). Other tall buildings, over 60 metres (200 feet), include: Asirom Financial Centre, AGN Business Center, Continental Hotel, Vox Technology Park, UBC 1 and UBC 2. Another proposed building, the United Business Center 0 should be completed by the end of 2019 and will be part of the mixed use urban regeneration project: Openville. When completed, the building will have a height of 155 metres (509 feet) becoming the tallest building in Romania.

There are several more Office projects currently in progress, namely: ISHO and Bega Business center where other taller buildings are being constructed.

Government[edit]

The first free local elections in post-communist Timișoara took place in 1992. The winner was Viorel Oancea, of the Civic Alliance Party (PAC), which later merged with the Liberal Party. He was the first officer who spoke to the crowd of revolutionaries gathered in Opera Square. The 1996 elections were won by Gheorghe Ciuhandu, of the Christian Democrats. He had four terms, also winning elections in 2000, 2004 and 2008. Meanwhile, Ciuhandu took over the Christian Democratic Party and ran for president of Romania in 2004. Timișoara's mayor, elected in 2012 and again in 2016, is Nicolae Robu. Deputy mayors are Dan Diaconu (PNL) and Farkas Imre (UDMR).

Like all other local councils in Romania, the Timișoara local council, the county council and the city's mayor are elected every four years by the population. Decisions are approved and discussed by the local council (consiliu local) made up of 27 elected councillors.^[46] Local council composition after 2016 local elections:^[47]

Additionally, as Timișoara is the capital of Timiș County, the city hosts the palace of the prefecture, the headquarters of the county council (consiliu județean) and the prefect, who is appointed by Romania's central government. The prefect is not allowed to be a member of a political party, and his role is to represent the national government at the local level, acting as a liaison and facilitating the implementation of National Development Plans and governing programmes at the local level. County council composition after 2016 local elections:^[48]

Currently, the city is the largest in the West development region, which is equivalent to NUTS-II regions in the European Union and is used by the European Union and the Romanian Government for statistical analysis and regional development. The West development region is not, however, an administrative entity.^[46]

Districts[edit]

Timișoara city traditionally divided into ten parts, but now they have no administrative function.

In the 21st century, Timișoara city is divided into quarters (cartiere):

Listed alphabetically

• Aradului vest
• Badea Cârțan
• Banat I
• Blașcovici
• Braytim
• Bucovina
• Calea Aradului
• Calea Buziașului
• Calea Girocului
• Calea Lipovei
• Calea Lugojului
• Calea Șagului
• Calea Torontalului I, II
• Cetate
• Chișoda
• Ciarda Roșie
• Circumvalațiunii I, II, III, IV
• Complex studențesc
• Complex
• Crișan
• Dacia
• Dâmbovița
• Elisabetin
• Fabric
• Fratelia
• Freidorf
• Ghiroda Nouă
• Ion Ionescu de la Brad
• Iosefin
• Kuncz
• Lunei
• Matei Basarab
• Mehala I, II
• Mircea cel Bătrân
• Modern
• Noua Timișoară
• Olimpia
• Pădurea Verde
• Plăvăț
• Plopi
• Polonă
• Ronaț
• Soarelui
• Stadion
• Steaua
• Tipografilor
• Traian
• Zona Odobescu

Culture and contemporary life[edit]

The city centre largely consists of buildings from the Austrian Empire era. The old city consists of several historic areas. These are: Cetate (Belváros in Hungarian, Innere Stadt in German), Iosefin (Józsefváros, Josephstadt), Elisabetin (Erzsébetváros, Elisabethstadt), Fabric (Gyárváros, Fabrikstadt). Numerous bars, clubs and restaurants have opened in the old Baroque square (Unirii Square).

Religious buildings[edit]

Cultural buildings and sites[edit]

• Maria Theresia Bastion^[49]

Performing arts[edit]

• Banatul Philharmonic of Timișoara(Filarmonica Banatul Timișoara)
• Romanian Opera House(Opera Română Timișoara)^[50]
• National Theatre (Teatrul Național)http://ro.tntimisoara.com

Festivals and Conferences[edit]

• Plai Festival
• Revolution Festival – music festival held in June at the Village Museum
• Timișoara Jazz Festival (JazzTM) – international jazz festival that takes place outdoors, in Victory Square (and starting from 2016 also in the Civic and Justice parks), in July and brings to the scene international jazz artists
• Teszt Festival – euroregional theatre festival
• Timishort– short movie festival held since 2009
• Ceau, Cinema!– a 'pocket-size' independent film festival that takes place in July made by volunteers and film enthusiasts with the support of local companies and cultural partners. It also takes place in Gottlob, which has the first reconditioned cinema in rural Romania.^[51]
• StudentFest – a festival of culture and arts created by the students which has been held ever since 1992.^[52]
• International Festival of Literature from Timișoara – the festival, held in October since 2012, brings together Romanian and foreign authors, for two days of lectures and open dialogue with the public
• Street Delivery Festival – Organized in Bucharest, Timișoara and Iași, the festival reaches areas such as architecture, music, theatre, dance and film
• Timișoara Tango Festival– Argentine Tango event
• ISWin – The International Student Week in Timișoara
• TEDxTimișoara – an independent conference organised under license from TED Conference^{[53][54][55][56]}
• SABOTAGE Festival – Indoor Electronic Music and Art Festival held in October

European Capital of Culture[edit]

On 16 September 2016, Timișoara was selected as Romanian host city of European Capital of Culture in 2021.^[57] The city will co-host the event with Novi Sad and Eleusis.

Shopping and commerce[edit]

Due to high demand for business space, new commercial buildings have been built. The commercial sector is developing very quickly. Timișoara has two large shopping centres:

• €105 million Iulius Mall Timișoara,^[58] one of the biggest shopping centres in Romania, with an over 71.000 m2 lettable area, 350 stores and parking for 3000 cars.
• €85 million Shopping City Timișoara^[38] with 57.000 m2 lettable area, 110 brands, 13 cinema halls with IMAX and 4DX and 2700 parking places.

Education[edit]

Timișoara is the main educational and academic centre in west of Romania. Timișoara has four public universities and four private universities. The number of students of higher education institutions reached 60,000 in 2015.

Public

Private

• Dimitrie Cantemir University
• Ioan Slavici University

Sport[edit]

Association soccer[edit]

Historic

• Chinezul Timișoara – 6 titles
• Ripensia Timișoara – 4 titles

Basketball[edit]

• BC Timișoara (M)
• BC Timba Timișoara (M)
• CSȘ Bega Timișoara (W)

Handball[edit]

Rugby union[edit]

International relations[edit]

Twin towns – Sister cities[edit]

Timișoara has 17 twin towns and sister cities, as listed below:^[59]

Consulates[edit]

• General consulate of Germany^[66]
• General consulate of Serbia^[67]
• General Consulate of Italy
• Honorary Consulate of Austria
• Honorary Consulate of Czech Republic
• Honorary consulate of Mexico
• Honorary consulate of Peru
• Honorary consulate of Spain
• Honorary consulate of the Netherlands
• Honorary consulate of South Korea

Gallery[edit]

• Easter night at Timișoara Orthodox Cathedral, 2017.

Panorama[edit]

See also[edit]

References[edit]

1. ^Strutz, Rudolf. 'Timisoara – City of Roses'. issuu.com.
2. ^ ^ab'Population on 1 January by age groups and sex - functional urban areas'. Eurostat. Retrieved 29 October 2017.
3. ^ ^abc'Timiș County at the 2011 census'(PDF) (in Romanian). INSSE. 2 February 2012. Archived from the original(PDF) on 19 July 2012. Retrieved 16 February 2012.
4. ^'Populaţia României pe localitati la 1 ianuarie 2016' (in Romanian). INSSE. 6 June 2016. Retrieved 27 October 2017.
5. ^'Timisoara'. The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language (5th ed.). Boston: Houghton Mifflin Harcourt. 2014. Retrieved 12 April 2019.
6. ^'Timişoara' (US) and 'Timişoara'. Oxford Dictionaries. Oxford University Press. Retrieved 12 April 2019.
7. ^'Asociatia Timisoara Capitala Culturala Europeana'. timisoara2021.ro.
8. ^Timișoara on Britannica
9. ^Connect, QCT. 'Primaria Timisoara – City Presentation – Historical background'. primariatm.ro.
10. ^Szentkláray, Jenő (1911). Temes vármegye története – Temesvár története (in Hungarian). Budapest: Országos Monografia Társaság.
11. ^Hațegan, Ioan; Boldea, Ligia; Țeicu, Dumitru (2006). Cronologia Banatului: Banatul între 934–1552(PDF) (in Romanian). Timișoara: Editura Banatul. ISBN973-7836-56-1. Retrieved 6 July 2018.
12. ^Kristó Gyula - Barta János - Gergely Jenő: Magyarország története előidőktől 2000-ig (History of Hungary from the prehistory to 2000), Pannonica Kiadó, Budapest, 2002, ISBN963-9252-56-5, p. 687, pp. 120-121 ('1315-ben Károly a királyi székhelyet a kevésbé biztonságos Budáról a nehezen megközelíthető Temesvárra helyezte át..'/'In 1315 Charles Robert moved the royal seat from the less safety Buda to the outway Temesvár (Timișoara).', 'Károly Róbert a királyi székhelyet 1323 tavaszán Temesvárról Visegrádra helyezte át.'/'Charles Robert moved the royal seat from Temesvár (Timișoara) to Visegrád in the spring of 1323')
13. ^Gate Azapa Citeste mai mult: adevarul.ro/locale/timisoara/aniversare-trista-timisoara-1552-s-a-lasat-intunericul-dominatiei-otomane-banat-1_50aef2737c42d5a663a1d771/index.html
14. ^http://www.collectionscanada.gc.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk2/ftp01/MQ37222.pdf
15. ^Connect, QCT. 'History of Timisoara – Primaria Timisoara – City Presentation – Timisoara Municipality'. primariatm.ro.
16. ^Ilieșiu 2006, op. cit. p. 330
17. ^'TIMISOARA, Romania – Travel and Tourism Information'. romaniatourism.com.
18. ^Centru, Info. 'Info Centrul Turistic Timisoara - Timisoara's Firsts'. www.timisoara-info.ro.
19. ^WR. 'Metal Bridge, Timișoara·'. welcometoromania.ro.
20. ^'20 decembrie 1989: Timişoara, primul oraş liber de comunism'. www.digi24.ro. Retrieved 8 January 2016.
21. ^'Timisoara, Romania Köppen Climate Classification (Weatherbase)'. weatherbase.com.
22. ^'Timișoara Climate Normals 1961–1990'. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Retrieved 21 March 2015.
23. ^'Klimatafel von Temeschburg (Temesvar, Timisoara), Banat / Rumänien'(PDF). Baseline climate means (1961–1990) from stations all over the world (in German). Deutscher Wetterdienst. Retrieved 23 November 2016.
24. ^'Air Temperature (monthly and yearly absolute maximum and absolute minimum)'(PDF). Romanian Statistical Yearbook: Geography, Meteorology, and Environment. Romanian National Statistic Institute. 2007. Archived from the original(PDF) on 27 September 2007. Retrieved 21 March 2015.
25. ^'Ethno-demographic Structure of Romania'. The Ethnocultural Diversity Resource Center. Retrieved 15 April 2011.
26. ^'Centrul de resurse pentru diversitate etnoculturală'. Edrc.ro. 30 May 2010. Retrieved 18 June 2010.
27. ^'Timișoara, mina de aur pentru investitorii italieni'. 9am.ro. Retrieved 18 June 2010.
28. ^QCT Connect (19 August 1992). ''Timișoara este floarea de la butonieră a relațiilor româno-italiene' Primaria Timișoara Secțiuni suplimentare Cooperare internațională și dezvoltare economică'. Primariatimisoara.ro. Retrieved 18 June 2010.^{[permanent dead link]}
29. ^Historical ethnicity of the Timiș County
30. ^'Archived copy'. Archived from the original on 14 July 2014. Retrieved 28 June 2014.CS1 maint: Archived copy as title (link)
31. ^'Timișoara, monografie Istorică', dr.Nicolae Ilieșu
32. ^'Agenda'. Agenda.ro. Retrieved 18 June 2010.
33. ^'Agenda'. Agenda.ro. Retrieved 18 June 2010.
34. ^'Timisoara, the best city for business in Romania, in Forbes top 2016 – swisspointgroup'. swisspointgroup.ro. Archived from the original on 18 October 2016. Retrieved 17 October 2016.
35. ^'Continental Corporation -Istoric Continental'. continental-corporation.com.
36. ^'Grupul Continental vrea să recruteze 3.000 de noi ingineri în următorii doi ani – Ziarul Financiar'. zf.ro.
37. ^'Iulius Mall'. iuliusmall.com. Archived from the original on 19 October 2016.
38. ^ ^ab'Shopping City Timişoara'. shoppingcitytm.ro.
39. ^'New shopping center to be opened in Romania's Timișoara in 2017'. Romania-Insider.
40. ^globalvanet.com. 'Plaza Centers partners with Auchan for mall in Romania's Timisoara'. europaproperty.com.
41. ^'Flextronics Romania to cut an additional 140'. evertiq.com.
42. ^'Velo TM – Timișoara Has The First Romanian Bike-Sharing System'. Alexandru Garboni Blog.
43. ^'Romania's Timișoara will provide free public transport by boat on the canal crossing the city'. Romania-Insider.
44. ^'Timişoara a devenit primul oraş din România cu transport public în comun pe apă'. AGERPRESS. 4 October 2018. Retrieved 11 January 2019.
45. ^'Timisoara – Gara (Timisoara, Timis, Romania) – Transport persoane cu autocare, autobuze sau microbuze la AUTOGARI.RO'. autogari.ro.
46. ^ ^ab'LEGE nr.215 din 23 aprilie 2001 Legea administraţiei publice locale'. cdep.ro.
47. ^'Noul Consiliu Local Timișoara'. Opinia Timișoarei.
48. ^'Avem rezultate finale oficiale! Vezi clasamentul partidelor și harta votului în Timiș, la Alegerile Locale 2016!'. Opinia Timișoarei.
49. ^Centru, Info. 'Info Centrul Turistic Timisoara - The Theresia Bastion'. www.timisoara-info.ro.
50. ^'Romanian Opera House'. ort.ro. Retrieved 18 June 2010.
51. ^'Ceau, Cinema! Patru zile pentru cinefili, în iulie'.
52. ^'Article about StudentFest in TION'.
53. ^'TEDxTimișoara'.
54. ^'TEDxTimișoara events on TED.com'.
55. ^'Article about TEDxTimișoara in Ziua de Vest'. Archived from the original on 1 October 2011. Retrieved 28 August 2011.
56. ^Nani, Corina. 'Festivalul International Graffiti Timișoara 2011'. Street Art Album. ArtPress Timișoara.
57. ^'Timișoara to be the European Capital of Culture in Romania in 2021 – Creative Europe – European Commission'. europa.eu.
58. ^'Iulius Mall'. iuliusmall.com. Archived from the original on 8 December 2010.
59. ^Connect, QCT. 'Primaria Timisoara – Prezentarea oraşului – Oraşe înfrăţite'. primariatm.ro.
60. ^友好城市 (Friendly cities)Archived 19 July 2014 at the Wayback Machine, 市外办 (Foreign Affairs Office), 22 March 2008. (Translation by Google Translate.)
61. ^国际友好城市一览表 (International Friendship Cities List)Archived 13 November 2013 at the Wayback Machine, 20 January 2011. (Translation by Google Translate.)
62. ^友好交流 (Friendly exchanges)Archived 12 November 2014 at the Wayback Machine, 13 September 2011. (Translation by Google Translate.)
63. ^'Städtepartnerschaften' (in German). Stadt Karlsruhe. 16 December 2010. Archived from the original on 24 July 2010. Retrieved 5 January 2011.
64. ^'European networks and city partnerships'. Nottingham City Council. 11 March. Archived from the original on 25 June 2012. Retrieved 20 July 2013.Check date values in: date= (help)
65. ^'Archived copy'. Archived from the original on 18 May 2015. Retrieved 7 May 2015.CS1 maint: Archived copy as title (link)
66. ^'Ministry of Foreign Affairs: Consulate General of Federal Republic of Germany in Timisoara'. mae.ro.
67. ^'Ministry of Foreign Affairs: Consulate General of Serbia in Timisoara'. mae.ro. Archived from the original on 4 April 2015. Retrieved 18 June 2018.

External links[edit]

Timișoara (UK: /ˌtɪmiˈʃwɑːrə/, US: /ˌtiːm-/,^[5][6]Romanian: (listen); German: Temeswar[ˈtɛmɛʃvaːɐ̯], also formerly Temeschburg or Temeschwar; Hungarian: Temesvár[ˈtɛmɛʃvaːr](listen); Yiddish: טעמשוואר‎, romanized: Temshvar; Serbian: Темишвар, romanized: Temišvar; Banat Bulgarian: Timišvár; Turkish: Temeşvar; Slovak: Temešvár) is the capital city of Timiș County, the 3rd largest city in Romania and the main social, economic and cultural centre in western Romania.

The third most populous city in the country, with 319,279 inhabitants as of the 2011 census,^[3] Timișoara is the informal capital city of the historical region of Banat. In September 2016, Timișoara was selected as the European Capital of Culture for 2021.^[7]

• 2History
• 3Geography
• 4Demographics
• 6Transport
• 10Culture and contemporary life
• 13Sport
• 14International relations

Etymology[edit]

All names of the city are derived from its Hungarian name Temesvár meaning 'Castle on Temes river'.

History[edit]

Antiquity[edit]

The first identifiable civilization in this area were the Dacians who left traces of their past. From coin finds, it is known that the settlement was inhabited during Roman Dacia. There is no record of the settlement in Roman times. It is generally agreed^{[by whom?]} that the site was inhabited through the Middle Ages when the city was mentioned for the first time.

Middle Ages[edit]

The territory later known as Banat was conquered by the Hungarians during the Hungarian conquest of the Carpathian Basin (895-896). Timișoara was first officially mentioned as a place in either 1212 or 1266 as the Roman^[8] fort of Castrum Temesiensis or Castrum regium Themes.^[9]The town was destroyed by the Tatars in the 13th century but Timișoara was rebuilt and grew considerably during the reign of Charles I, who, upon his visit there in 1307, ordered the fortress to be fortified with stone walls and to build a royal palace.^[10][11] He even moved the royal seat from Buda to Temesvár (Timișoara) between 1315 and 1323.^[12] Timișoara's importance also grew due to its strategic location, which facilitated control over the Banat plain. By the middle of the 14th century, Timișoara was at the forefront of Western Christendom's battle against the MuslimOttoman Turks. French and Hungarian Crusaders met at the city before engaging in the Battle of Nicopolis in 1396. Beginning in 1443, John Hunyadi used Timișoara as a military stronghold against the Turks, having built a powerful fortress. The city was repeatedly besieged by the Ottomans in 1462, 1476, 1491, and 1522.

16th–19th centuries[edit]

In 1552, a 16,000-strong Ottoman army led by Kara Ahmed Pashaconquered the city and transformed it into a capital city in the region (Temeşvar Eyalet). The local military commander, István Losonczy, and other Christians were massacred on 27 July 1552 while escaping the city through the Azapilor Gate.^[13]

Timișoara remained under Ottoman rule for nearly 160 years, controlled directly by the Sultan and enjoying a special status, similar to other cities in the region such as Budapest and Belgrade. During this period, Timișoara was home to a large Islamic community and produced famous historical figures such as Osman Aga of Temesvar, until Prince Eugene of Savoy conquered it in 1716 during the Ottoman-Habsburg war. Subsequently, the city came under Habsburg rule, and it remained so until the early 20th century as part of the Kingdom of Hungary, Austrian Empire and Austria-Hungary, except for the Ottoman occupation between 1788–1789 during the 1787–91 Austro-Turkish War.^[14] The city was defortified starting in 1892 up until 1910,^[15] and several major road arteries were built to connect the suburbs with the city centre, paving the way for further expansion of the city.^{[citation needed]}

It was the 1st mainland European city and 2nd in the world after New York to be lit by electric street lamps in 1884.^[16][17] It was also the second European and the first city in the Kingdom of Hungary with horse-drawn trams in 1869.^[18] It is said that Gustave Eiffel, the creator of the Eiffel Tower in Paris, drew the projects of one of Timișoara's footbridges over the Bega, the 'Metal Bridge', however, it was actually planned by Róbert Tóth, the head of the Bridge Department, at the Reșița rail factory.^[19]

20th century[edit]

On 31 October 1918, local military and political elites established the 'Banat National Council', together with representatives of the region's main ethnic groups: Germans, Hungarians, Serbs and Romanians. On 1 November they proclaimed the short-lived Banat Republic. In the aftermath of World War I, the Banat region was divided between the Kingdom of Romania and the Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes, and Timișoara came under Romanian administration after Serbian occupation between 1918–1919. The city was ceded from Hungary to Romania by the Treaty of Trianon on 4 June 1920. In 1920, King Ferdinand I awarded Timișoara the status of a University Centre, and the interwar years saw continuous economic and cultural development. A number of anti-fascist and anti-revisionist demonstrations also took place during this time.

During World War II, Timișoara suffered damage from both Allied and Axis bombing raids, especially during the second half of 1944. On 23 August 1944, Romania, which until then was a member of the Axis, declared war on Nazi Germany and joined the Allies. Surprised, the local Wehrmacht garrison surrendered without a fight,^{[citation needed]} and German and Hungarian troops attempted to take the city by force throughout September, without success.

After the war, the People's Republic of Romania was proclaimed, and Timișoara underwent Sovietization and later, Systematization. The city's population tripled between 1948 and 1992. In December 1989, Timișoara witnessed a series of mass street protests in what was to become the Romanian Revolution.^{[citation needed]} On 20 December, three days after bloodshed began there, Timișoara was declared the first city free of Communism in Romania.^[20]

21st century[edit]

Geography[edit]

Timișoara lies at an altitude of 90 metres (300 feet) on the southeast edge of the Banat plain, part of the Pannonian Plain near the divergence of the Timiș and Bega rivers. The waters of the two rivers form a swampy and frequently flooded land. Timișoara developed on one of few places where the swamps could be crossed. These constituted a natural protection around the fortress for a very long time, however, they also favoured a wet and insalubrious climate, as well as the proliferation of the plague and cholera, which kept the number of inhabitants at a relatively low number and significantly prevented the development of the city. With time, however, the rivers of the area were drained, dammed and diverted. Due to these hydrographical projects undertaken in the 18th century, the city no longer lies on the river Timiș, but on the Bega canal. This improvement of the land was made irreversible by building the Bega canal (started in 1728) and by the complete draining of the surrounding marshes. However, the land across the city lies above a water table at a depth of only 0.5 to 5 metres (1.6–16.4 feet), a factor which does not allow the construction of tall buildings. The rich black soil and relatively high water table make this a fertile agricultural region.

This is a relatively active seismic area, and earthquakes up to 6 on the Richter scale have been recorded.

Climate[edit]

Climate in this area has mild differences between highs and lows, and there is adequate rainfall year-round. The Köppen Climate Classification subtype for this climate is 'Cfb' (oceanic climate).^[21]

The climate which defines Timișoara city is the temperate oceanic climate (Köppen: Cfb) and can be regarded as humid continental (Dfb) when using an isotherm of 0 °C (32 °F). The city characterises the South-Eastern part of The Pannonian Basin.

• Highest recorded temperature: 42 °C (108 °F) – 5 August 2017
• Lowest recorded temperature: −35.3 °C (−32 °F) – 24 January 1963
• Snow stays on the ground 30 days a year on average
• Highest precipitation: June: 91.0 mm(3.589 in)
• Lowest precipitation: February: 44.5 mm(1.737 in)

Climatic general features consist of various and irregular weather conditions. The dominating temperate air masses during spring and summer are of oceanic origin and come with great precipitations. Frequently, even during winter period, the Atlantic humid air masses bring rainy and snowy weather, rarely cold weather.

Harta Orasului Timisoara Strazi

From September until February, frequent continental polar air masses coming from the East invade the area. In spite of all that, the Banat climate is also influenced by the presence of cyclones and warm air masses which come from the Mediterranean. Their characteristic feature is that of complete snow thaw during the winter period and stifling heat during the summer period.

Freak measurable snowfalls have occurred as early as late October and as late as early April, but snow in those months is rare, and significant falls do not usually occur until first of November. The median date for the first freeze is 22 October, while that of the last freeze is 15 April.^{[citation needed]}

Demographics[edit]

As of 2011 census data, Timișoara has a population of 319,279,^[3] while the proposed Timișoara metropolitan area would have a population of 418,415. As defined by Eurostat, the Timișoara functional urban area has a population of 359,443 residents (as of 2015).^[2]

Of this population, 86.79% were ethnic Romanians, while 5.12% were Hungarians, 1.37% Germans, 1.3% Serbs, 0.69% Romani, 0.18% Ukrainians, 0.17% Slovaks, 0.11% Jews and 0.76% others.^[25] 14.2% of the population are under 15 years of age, 4.0% are over 75.

Since 1990, Timișoara saw a slight population decline owing to migration and a drop in birthrates. Notably, the Hungarian and German communities experienced significant decline, with the latter being reduced by half between 1992 and 2002.^[26] On the other hand, the Ukrainian community has grown, partly due to the presence of Ukrainian language educational facilities. In recent years, local investment by Italian companies has spurred the creation of an Italian community,^[27] even leading to calls for an Italian Cultural Center.^[28]

Historical populations[edit]

In 1910, according to the Austro-Hungarian census (based on the first language in daily use), Timișoara had 72,555 inhabitants. Of these, 31,644 (43.6%) used German language, 28,552 (39.4%) used Hungarian language, 7,566 (10.4%) used Romanian language, 3,482 (4.8%) used Serbian language, and 1,311 (1.8%) used other languages as everyday language.^[29]

Economy[edit]

The economy of Timișoara has historic tradition in manufacturing, commerce, transport, education, communications and tourism.

Timișoara has been an important economic centre since the 18th century when the Habsburg administration was installed. Due to Austrian colonisation, ethnic and religious diversity and innovative laws, the economy began to develop. The technicians and craftsmen that settled in the city established guilds and helped develop the city's economy. In 1717, Timișoara became host to the first beer factory in Banat.^[30]

During the Industrial Revolution, numerous modern innovations were introduced. It was the first city in Austria-Hungary with street lighting, and the first city in mainland Europe illuminated by electric light. The Bega river was also channelled during this time. It was the first navigable canal on current Romanian territory. This way, Timișoara had contact with Europe, and even with the rest of the world through the Black Sea, leading to the local development of commercialism.^[31][32][33] In the 19th century, the railway system of the Hungarian Kingdom reached Timișoara.

Timișoara was the first city in the country with international routes economic boom as the amount of foreign investment, especially in high-tech sectors, has risen. In an article in late 2005, French magazine L'Expansion called Timișoara Romania's economic showcase, and referred to the increased number of foreign investments as a 'second revolution'. In 2016, Timișoara was awarded by Forbes as the most dynamic city and the best city for business in Romania.^[34]

Apart from domestic local investment, there has been significant foreign investment from the European Union, particularly from Germany and Italy. Continental AG has produced tires since opening a plant in 1998.^[35] In the years that followed, Continental also established an automotive software engineering division in Timișoara. All in all, as of 2015Continental AG employed about 8000 people in Timișoara, and the company keeps expanding.^[36] The Linde Group produces technical gases, and a part of the wiring moulds for BMW and Audi vehicles are produced by the company Dräxlmaier Group. Wiring for Volkswagen and other vehicles are produced at the German company Kromberg & Schubert. Also, Swiss company FM Logistic, already present in Timiș County for Alcatel-Lucent, Nestlé, P&G, Smithfield and in Bucharest for Cora, L'Oréal, Sanofi Aventis and Yves Rocher, and for companies like PROFI Rom Foods, BIC, Kraft Foods or SCA Packaging—offering them domestic transport services and international transport services for Bricostore, Arctic, Danone, Unilever or Contitech, the growth of FM Logistic in Romania and in Dudești through its first warehouse in Romania (Dudeștii Noi gives FM the opportunity). Nestlé produces waffles here.^{[citation needed]}

The city has two shopping malls: Iulius Mall Timișoara^[37] and Shopping City Timișoara.^[38] A third one will be completed in 2018, Timișoara Centrum.^[39] A fourth is planned to be built, Timișoara Plaza.^[40]

The USA company Flextronics maintains a workplace in the west of the city for the production of mobile telephony and government inspection department devices. In 2009, the company laid off 640 workers.^[41] The American company Procter & Gamble manufactures washing and cleaning agents in Timișoara. Smithfield Foods—the world's largest pork processor and hog producer—has two subsidiaries in Timișoara and Timiș County: Smithfield Ferme and Smithfield Prod.

Transport[edit]

Timișoara has a complex system of regional transportation, providing road, air and rail connections to major cities in Romania and Europe.

Mass transit[edit]

Timișoara's public transport network consists of 9 tram lines, 9 trolleybus lines and 21 bus lines and it is operated by STPT (Societatea de Transport Public Timișoara), a company owned by the City Hall. The system covers all the important areas of the city and it also connects Timișoara with some of the communes of the metropolitan area.

In 2015, Timișoara became the first city in Romania to offer public transport by bike. The bicycle-sharing system has 25 stations and 300 bikes which can be used by locals and tourists for free.^[42] Starting from October 4, 2018, STPT also offers vaporetto public transport on the Bega canal, resulting in Timișoara being the only city in Romania with 5 types of public transportation.^[43][44]

Road[edit]

Timișoara is on two European routes (E70 and E671) in the European road network. At a national level, Timișoara is located on four different national roads: DN6, DN69, DN59 and DN59A. The Romanian Motorway A1, under construction on some sections, will link the city with Bucharest and the eastern part of the country. The A1 is currently the only Romanian motorway that crosses a border, linking Timișoara with Hungarian motorway M43. The Timișoara Coach Station (Autogara) is used by several private transport companies to provide coach connections from Timișoara to a large number of locations from all over the country.^[45]

Air[edit]

The city is served by Romania's third busiest airport, Traian Vuia International Airport, located 12.3 km (7.6 mi) northeast away from the city centre. It used to be the hub of Romanian airline Carpatair, and it serves now as an operating base for low-cost airlineWizz Air.

Railway[edit]

Timișoara is a major railway centre and is connected to all other major Romanian cities, as well as local destinations, through the national CFR network. Timișoara is directly linked by train service with Budapest, Belgrade and Vienna. The main railway station of the city is Timișoara North railway station. More than 130 trains use this station daily. The other three railway stations of the city are mainly used by commuter trains.

Cityscape[edit]

Currently, the tallest building is the Timișoara Orthodox Cathedral, at 91 metres (299 feet) and the tallest office building is the Fructus Tower, at 65 metres (213 feet). Other tall buildings, over 60 metres (200 feet), include: Asirom Financial Centre, AGN Business Center, Continental Hotel, Vox Technology Park, UBC 1 and UBC 2. Another proposed building, the United Business Center 0 should be completed by the end of 2019 and will be part of the mixed use urban regeneration project: Openville. When completed, the building will have a height of 155 metres (509 feet) becoming the tallest building in Romania.

There are several more Office projects currently in progress, namely: ISHO and Bega Business center where other taller buildings are being constructed.

Government[edit]

The first free local elections in post-communist Timișoara took place in 1992. The winner was Viorel Oancea, of the Civic Alliance Party (PAC), which later merged with the Liberal Party. He was the first officer who spoke to the crowd of revolutionaries gathered in Opera Square. The 1996 elections were won by Gheorghe Ciuhandu, of the Christian Democrats. He had four terms, also winning elections in 2000, 2004 and 2008. Meanwhile, Ciuhandu took over the Christian Democratic Party and ran for president of Romania in 2004. Timișoara's mayor, elected in 2012 and again in 2016, is Nicolae Robu. Deputy mayors are Dan Diaconu (PNL) and Farkas Imre (UDMR).

Like all other local councils in Romania, the Timișoara local council, the county council and the city's mayor are elected every four years by the population. Decisions are approved and discussed by the local council (consiliu local) made up of 27 elected councillors.^[46] Local council composition after 2016 local elections:^[47]

Additionally, as Timișoara is the capital of Timiș County, the city hosts the palace of the prefecture, the headquarters of the county council (consiliu județean) and the prefect, who is appointed by Romania's central government. The prefect is not allowed to be a member of a political party, and his role is to represent the national government at the local level, acting as a liaison and facilitating the implementation of National Development Plans and governing programmes at the local level. County council composition after 2016 local elections:^[48]

Currently, the city is the largest in the West development region, which is equivalent to NUTS-II regions in the European Union and is used by the European Union and the Romanian Government for statistical analysis and regional development. The West development region is not, however, an administrative entity.^[46]

Harta Judetului Tim Is

Districts[edit]

Timișoara city traditionally divided into ten parts, but now they have no administrative function.

In the 21st century, Timișoara city is divided into quarters (cartiere):

Listed alphabetically

• Aradului vest
• Badea Cârțan
• Banat I
• Blașcovici
• Braytim
• Bucovina
• Calea Aradului
• Calea Buziașului
• Calea Girocului
• Calea Lipovei
• Calea Lugojului
• Calea Șagului
• Calea Torontalului I, II
• Cetate
• Chișoda
• Ciarda Roșie
• Circumvalațiunii I, II, III, IV
• Complex studențesc
• Complex
• Crișan
• Dacia
• Dâmbovița
• Elisabetin
• Fabric
• Fratelia
• Freidorf
• Ghiroda Nouă
• Ion Ionescu de la Brad
• Iosefin
• Kuncz
• Lunei
• Matei Basarab
• Mehala I, II
• Mircea cel Bătrân
• Modern
• Noua Timișoară
• Olimpia
• Pădurea Verde
• Plăvăț
• Plopi
• Polonă
• Ronaț
• Soarelui
• Stadion
• Steaua
• Tipografilor
• Traian
• Zona Odobescu

Culture and contemporary life[edit]

The city centre largely consists of buildings from the Austrian Empire era. The old city consists of several historic areas. These are: Cetate (Belváros in Hungarian, Innere Stadt in German), Iosefin (Józsefváros, Josephstadt), Elisabetin (Erzsébetváros, Elisabethstadt), Fabric (Gyárváros, Fabrikstadt). Numerous bars, clubs and restaurants have opened in the old Baroque square (Unirii Square).

Religious buildings[edit]

Cultural buildings and sites[edit]

• Maria Theresia Bastion^[49]

Performing arts[edit]

• Banatul Philharmonic of Timișoara(Filarmonica Banatul Timișoara)
• Romanian Opera House(Opera Română Timișoara)^[50]
• National Theatre (Teatrul Național)http://ro.tntimisoara.com

Festivals and Conferences[edit]

• Plai Festival
• Revolution Festival – music festival held in June at the Village Museum
• Timișoara Jazz Festival (JazzTM) – international jazz festival that takes place outdoors, in Victory Square (and starting from 2016 also in the Civic and Justice parks), in July and brings to the scene international jazz artists
• Teszt Festival – euroregional theatre festival
• Timishort– short movie festival held since 2009
• Ceau, Cinema!– a 'pocket-size' independent film festival that takes place in July made by volunteers and film enthusiasts with the support of local companies and cultural partners. It also takes place in Gottlob, which has the first reconditioned cinema in rural Romania.^[51]
• StudentFest – a festival of culture and arts created by the students which has been held ever since 1992.^[52]
• International Festival of Literature from Timișoara – the festival, held in October since 2012, brings together Romanian and foreign authors, for two days of lectures and open dialogue with the public
• Street Delivery Festival – Organized in Bucharest, Timișoara and Iași, the festival reaches areas such as architecture, music, theatre, dance and film
• Timișoara Tango Festival– Argentine Tango event
• ISWin – The International Student Week in Timișoara
• TEDxTimișoara – an independent conference organised under license from TED Conference^{[53][54][55][56]}
• SABOTAGE Festival – Indoor Electronic Music and Art Festival held in October

European Capital of Culture[edit]

On 16 September 2016, Timișoara was selected as Romanian host city of European Capital of Culture in 2021.^[57] The city will co-host the event with Novi Sad and Eleusis.

Shopping and commerce[edit]

Due to high demand for business space, new commercial buildings have been built. The commercial sector is developing very quickly. Timișoara has two large shopping centres:

• €105 million Iulius Mall Timișoara,^[58] one of the biggest shopping centres in Romania, with an over 71.000 m2 lettable area, 350 stores and parking for 3000 cars.
• €85 million Shopping City Timișoara^[38] with 57.000 m2 lettable area, 110 brands, 13 cinema halls with IMAX and 4DX and 2700 parking places.

Education[edit]

Timișoara is the main educational and academic centre in west of Romania. Timișoara has four public universities and four private universities. The number of students of higher education institutions reached 60,000 in 2015.

Public

Private

• Dimitrie Cantemir University
• Ioan Slavici University

Sport[edit]

Association soccer[edit]

Historic

• Chinezul Timișoara – 6 titles
• Ripensia Timișoara – 4 titles

Basketball[edit]

• BC Timișoara (M)
• BC Timba Timișoara (M)
• CSȘ Bega Timișoara (W)

Handball[edit]

Rugby union[edit]

International relations[edit]

Twin towns – Sister cities[edit]

Timișoara has 17 twin towns and sister cities, as listed below:^[59]

Consulates[edit]

• General consulate of Germany^[66]
• General consulate of Serbia^[67]
• General Consulate of Italy
• Honorary Consulate of Austria
• Honorary Consulate of Czech Republic
• Honorary consulate of Mexico
• Honorary consulate of Peru
• Honorary consulate of Spain
• Honorary consulate of the Netherlands
• Honorary consulate of South Korea

Gallery[edit]

• Easter night at Timișoara Orthodox Cathedral, 2017.

Panorama[edit]

See also[edit]

References[edit]

1. ^Strutz, Rudolf. 'Timisoara – City of Roses'. issuu.com.
2. ^ ^ab'Population on 1 January by age groups and sex - functional urban areas'. Eurostat. Retrieved 29 October 2017.
3. ^ ^abc'Timiș County at the 2011 census'(PDF) (in Romanian). INSSE. 2 February 2012. Archived from the original(PDF) on 19 July 2012. Retrieved 16 February 2012.
4. ^'Populaţia României pe localitati la 1 ianuarie 2016' (in Romanian). INSSE. 6 June 2016. Retrieved 27 October 2017.
5. ^'Timisoara'. The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language (5th ed.). Boston: Houghton Mifflin Harcourt. 2014. Retrieved 12 April 2019.
6. ^'Timişoara' (US) and 'Timişoara'. Oxford Dictionaries. Oxford University Press. Retrieved 12 April 2019.
7. ^'Asociatia Timisoara Capitala Culturala Europeana'. timisoara2021.ro.
8. ^Timișoara on Britannica
9. ^Connect, QCT. 'Primaria Timisoara – City Presentation – Historical background'. primariatm.ro.
10. ^Szentkláray, Jenő (1911). Temes vármegye története – Temesvár története (in Hungarian). Budapest: Országos Monografia Társaság.
11. ^Hațegan, Ioan; Boldea, Ligia; Țeicu, Dumitru (2006). Cronologia Banatului: Banatul între 934–1552(PDF) (in Romanian). Timișoara: Editura Banatul. ISBN973-7836-56-1. Retrieved 6 July 2018.
12. ^Kristó Gyula - Barta János - Gergely Jenő: Magyarország története előidőktől 2000-ig (History of Hungary from the prehistory to 2000), Pannonica Kiadó, Budapest, 2002, ISBN963-9252-56-5, p. 687, pp. 120-121 ('1315-ben Károly a királyi székhelyet a kevésbé biztonságos Budáról a nehezen megközelíthető Temesvárra helyezte át..'/'In 1315 Charles Robert moved the royal seat from the less safety Buda to the outway Temesvár (Timișoara).', 'Károly Róbert a királyi székhelyet 1323 tavaszán Temesvárról Visegrádra helyezte át.'/'Charles Robert moved the royal seat from Temesvár (Timișoara) to Visegrád in the spring of 1323')
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External links[edit]

Harta Orasului Timisoara Prin Satelit